1910s and 1920s swim suits on display
View of exhibit
1910s and 1920s swim suits on display
What's that Sound?
Press play to sample the natural sounds of life in the Highland Park dunes. Try to identify the birds you hear or just Zen-out to the sound of waves.
Before Highland Park
Lumber was one of the main industries in the Tri-Cities from the 1840s to the 1880s. The area had many sawmills and logging companies on the Grand River. Access to Lake Michigan made it an important location for the lumber industry. Unfortunately, people in West Michigan were cutting down old-growth forests faster than they could grow back. People began to understand the problem with deforestation too late. They were afraid of what would happen to their towns when logging companies ran out of forests to cut down.
W.C. Sheldon found mineral springs in downtown Grand Haven in 1871. The discovery changed the area’s main industry from lumber to tourism.
1870 Photograph 2000.44.3
E. L. Fuller & Co. Paper and ink 1857 62.13.1 In the 1800s, lumber was one of the main industries in the Tri-Cities. Lumber businesses were so important for the local economy that a company for banking and exchange was formed in 1857, E. L. Fuller & Co., which printed its own money for customers to spend.
c. 1870 Photograph 99I.256.2
1870 Photograph 2000.44.3
His discovery also led directly to the creation of Highland Park. In fact, Sheldon was one of the first members of the Highland Park Association (HPA) and built a cottage in Highland Park called Wickiup in 1890. The HPA is the group that started the resort and continues as a neighborhood organization to this day. The birth and growth of Highland Park shows how the Tri-Cities became important tourist destinations to this day.
Founding the HPA
Before Highland Park was created, the dunes were often used for rustic camping with tents. When Grand Haven extended Lake Avenue in the 1870s, the land where Highland Park now sits was easier to explore and settle. After locals realized the value of the area, they formed the Highland Park Association (HPA).
In 1886, the HPA gathered investors who would plan and build a resort in the dunes just south of downtown Grand Haven. The group leased the land from the City of Grand Haven for 30 years. The investors built cottages and facilities that improved the entire neighborhood like the Highland Park Hotel and Pavilion.
Most of the first stockholders of the HPA were wealthy businessmen from the Tri-Cities. Some, like Dwight Cutler I and William Savidge, made their fortunes from the lumber industry. Others were business owners with backgrounds in hotels, dry goods, medicine, and real estate. They wanted to replace the dying lumber interests in the Tri-Cities with a new industry using the beautiful beaches and dunes of the area: tourism.
Camping at Lovers Lane
1903
Photograph
2021.26.11
Camping at Lovers Lane
1903
Photograph
2021.26.12
Mineral Spring Spas
As a tourist destination, Grand Haven had more than sunsets and sandy beaches. After the discovery of a natural mineral spring on Washington Avenue in 1871, Grand Haven added health tourism to its list of attractions. Drinking or bathing in mineral water has long been thought to cure illnesses such as asthma, indigestion, and gout. Grand Haven became one of several tourist towns in West Michigan that promoted mineral water health spas.
At the same time, people began to see the benefits of spending time in nature. The first National Parks were created in the 1870s as part of a new environmental movement. For the first time, wilderness was seen as something that should be protected and enjoyed. Mineral springs, lake breezes, and a mild climate made Grand Haven a great place for camping not only for fun but also for health.
To house tourists, investors created resorts like Highland Park. Visitors could choose to stay in the Highland Park Hotel for a single night or the entire summer season. If visitors wanted more space or privacy, they could own or rent their own cottage.
Grand Haven Daily Tribune Courtesy of the Grand Haven Tribune
Grand Haven Daily Tribune Courtesy of the Grand Haven Tribune
Grand Haven Daily Tribune Courtesy of the Grand Haven Tribune
Grand Haven Daily Tribune Courtesy of the Grand Haven Tribune
Visitors who traveled to Grand Haven to improve their health at Sheldon’s mineral spa called it “taking the waters.”
W.C. Sheldon’s Magnetic Mineral Springs
c. 1890s
Photograph
65.36.3
Glass 1871-1916 99.41.1
Paper c. 1870 - 1900 76.10.38.1a-c These brochures for magnetic mineral springs in the Tri-Cities advertise the health benefits visitors could expect to experience. Tourists hoped that “taking the waters” (drinking or bathing in mineral spring water) would cure their illnesses.
Glass 1871-1916 99.41.1
Building Begins
Building cottages at Highland Park was difficult from the beginning. The steep slopes of the dunes made it hard for people to bring tools and lumber to the lots. Teams of horses were needed to pull the supplies up the rough roads in the sandy dune hills. In some places it was so steep that workers had to carry the supplies by hand.
The first cottage built in Highland Park was Loch Hame (“Lake Home” in Scots), built in 1887 for Mrs. Sarah Benedict Rhines Saunders. Loch Hame was built on Lake Avenue, which had been extended years earlier to reach the area. This made Loch Hame one of the easiest cottages to start building. Over the next ten years, the number of cottages grew from 3 in 1887 to more than 50 in 1897. The lots on the west side of Highland Park (closest to the lake) were generally built prior to those further inland.
c. 1890s Photograph 2014.19.122
c. 1890s Photograph 2014.19.493
c. 1900s Photograph 81.54.52
c. 1890s Photograph 2014.19.122
Stanley Rule & Level Company Wood and glass 1896 89I.762.1 In the steep hills of the dunes, creating a level cottage was difficult but incredibly important. The carpenters from Grand Haven who built these cottages used levels like this one to make sure the floors were even.
Iron No Date 64.46.184 Even though this iron punch is not a large tool, it weighs about as much as 5 AA batteries. The weight of tools like this, packed with other iron and wood tools used by cottage builders, added up to a heavy load to carry to the tops of the sand dunes.
Iron and wood 1800s 64.46.43 Carpentry tools like this adze helped cottage builders cut and fit lumber in the days before electrical saws.
Stanley Rule & Level Company Wood and glass 1896 89I.762.1 In the steep hills of the dunes, creating a level cottage was difficult but incredibly important. The carpenters from Grand Haven who built these cottages used levels like this one to make sure the floors were even.
See the Evolution of Highland Park
Highland Park Hotel
Within a few years of forming, the Highland Park Association built a hotel on the beach to attract more people to the resort. The Highland Park Hotel opened on July 4th, 1890. At first the hotel was owned by the HPA, which hired managers to run it for them.The hotel had 25 rooms for guests and a dining room able to seat about 100 people.
Even though the hotel was not large, it was beautifully decorated to attract wealthy visitors. The hotel kept records of visitors in their register and published guest lists in the local newspapers. Guests at the hotel spent time enjoying the beach, mingling with each other, and organizing evening entertainment.
Just a few years after it opened, the HPA sold the Highland Park Hotel. The new owners expanded the hotel, adding more rooms and amenities. Even after the sale, the hotel and its guests were still seen and talked about as part of the broader Highland Park community.
c. 1890s Photograph 65.36.5
1917 Postcard 69.48.228
1950 Photograph 72.19.43
c. 1890s Photograph 65.36.5
Cardboard and paper 1929-1932 72.19.30 The dinner ticket on the left page of this photo album is from the grand opening of the Highland Park Hotel on July 4th, 1890. The hotel opening was celebrated by Highland Park shareholders and residents of the Tri-Cities with a parade and dinner.
Metal and leather Pre-1967 2011.37.1
Wood and carbon 1960s 72.30.461 This pencil advertised the hotel to guests. It was made during the time Mell and Ruth Wright owned the hotel.
Cardboard and paper 1929-1932 72.19.30 The dinner ticket on the left page of this photo album is from the grand opening of the Highland Park Hotel on July 4th, 1890. The hotel opening was celebrated by Highland Park shareholders and residents of the Tri-Cities with a parade and dinner.
Early Necessities
People staying at Highland Park needed more than cottages to enjoy their vacations. They needed water, electricity, and telephones. To get these utilities, the HPA had to work with the City of Grand Haven. This was not always easy, as the HPA and the City often argued over who had to pay workers and supply costs.
These disagreements usually caused a delay between the HPA asking the City to do something and the City actually doing it. For example, The first electric lights in downtown Grand Haven were installed in 1891, but were not installed in Highland Park until 1902.
Before 1895, resort visitors had to use wells or a single water pump provided by the HPA. The HPA asked the City to connect the resort to the city water system in 1893, but the city did not do so until 1895.
Telephones were installed in Highland Park cottages as early as the 1890s. At the time there were approximately 0.4 telephones per 100 people in the US. By the end of the 1899 season, the number of telephones in Highland Park totaled about 60.
Kellogg Switchboard and Supply Company Wood and plastic 1910-1920 89.46.3
1904 Photograph 89I.221.1
c. 1933 Photograph 2006.10.6
Kellogg Switchboard and Supply Company Wood and plastic 1910-1920 89.46.3
Highland Parks and Recreation
Visitors came to Highland Park to have fun and enjoy nature. With this in mind, the HPA left lots open for resorters to use for picnics and games amongst the trees.
Down by the water, the HPA maintained access to the beach near the Pavilion. Swimming was the main activity for beachgoers. Resorters who did not have their own swimming suit could rent one by the hour from Captain Jack. They also had access to a pier he built and maintained which they could use for fishing.
Outdoor entertainment in Highland Park in the late 19th and early 20th centuries also included public scientific demonstrations. Victorian scientists and inventors often used public demonstrations for educational and entertainment purposes. At least three such demonstrations took place in Highland Park: a water walking machine in 1893, a parachute leap and hot air balloon lift in 1898, and moving pictures in 1902.
Cotton 1910 90.1.37a-b This suit is an excellent example of the turn-of-the-century trend that saw women’s bathing suits transitioning from billowing, full-length gowns and pants to two-piece outfits that ended at the mid-calf and upper arm. The suits were still made of thick dark fabric, to preserve modesty, but the reduced fabric gave women greater freedom of movement in the water.
Cotton 1925 77.69.39 This men’s bathing suit from the 1920s shows how modestly men were expected to dress on the beach. They wore singlet-style one-piece bathing suits that covered nearly as much skin as women’s suits from the same period. In the early to mid-1920s, bathing suits included a baggy tunic that cut off several inches below the hip to preserve public decency.
Cotton 1910 90.1.37a-b This suit is an excellent example of the turn-of-the-century trend that saw women’s bathing suits transitioning from billowing, full-length gowns and pants to two-piece outfits that ended at the mid-calf and upper arm. The suits were still made of thick dark fabric, to preserve modesty, but the reduced fabric gave women greater freedom of movement in the water.
1925 Photograph 91I.14.1q
c. 1900s photograph 84.69.4
August 31, 1898 Grand Haven Tribune Courtesy of the Grand Haven Tribune
1925 Photograph 91I.14.1q
On the Tennis Court
The first push for tennis courts at Highland Park started in the late 1890s, when resorters had to go to Spring Lake to find a court to play on. In the following years, the resort set up a few grass courts for playing tennis, but they were quite basic.
Highland Park did not have high quality tennis courts until the 1920s, when a man named Thomas Otley persuaded the HPA to start the Highland Park Tennis Club. The Club raised funds to build the courts, which were finished in 1924. With these new courts, the Highland Park Tennis Club started to host tournaments that allowed talented junior players from the Tri-Cities to play against the top players from around the country. The Highland Park Tennis Tournament became one of the top three junior tennis tournaments in the country by 1931.
Unfortunately, the courts were neglected as a result of WWII and decayed for many years before being rebuilt in the 1980s. The last renovation project was completed in 1998.
Highland Park Tennis Court
c. 1930
Postcard
74.9.14
Fabric 1930s On loan courtesy of Karen Lowe This pennant was displayed at tennis tournaments in the 1930s. Highland Park’s tennis court became a location of major tournaments for junior tennis, and many of the Highland Park Tennis Club tournament players went on to play on Davis Cup teams.
Spalding Wood and natural gut strings C. 1927 77.33.117b
Silver 1929 On loan courtesy of David Swain The Highland Park Tennis Club hosted an annual tournament for junior tennis players from the late 1920s to the 1950s. The prize for the winner was a trophy made of silver. This trophy was made for the 1929 tournament.
Fabric 1930s On loan courtesy of Karen Lowe This pennant was displayed at tennis tournaments in the 1930s. Highland Park’s tennis court became a location of major tournaments for junior tennis, and many of the Highland Park Tennis Club tournament players went on to play on Davis Cup teams.
Building for Life in the Dunes
Highland Park’s location on the lake shore had many positive aspects. The main issue for cottage owners was the difficulty of building stable cottages on sand dunes. To be successful, owners and builders had to adapt their plans to work with the landscape. They built large porches (especially wrap-around porches) to emphasize the views. Some cottages also had entrances on different levels because of the dune’s slope.
Even with these changes, cottage owners could still express their tastes by choosing designs that fit their style. Most of the cottages constructed in the earliest years of Highland Park were rustic by today’s standards. They were designed for seasonal, rather than year-round use. They were generally not insulated, had basic floor plans, and used simple materials. The architectural styles of these cottages ranged from the most plain (Saltbox, Vernacular, and Folk Victorian) to the more ornate (Tudor Revival, Queen Anne, and Craftsman).
Cottagers also had to be creative when walking around within the resort. The HPA built a series of boardwalks, bridges, and staircases to connect the cottages to each other and to the main roads in the resort.
Unknown Date Photograph 69.48.350
c. 1907 Photograph 74.72.235
c. 190ss Photograph 2014.19.610
Unknown Date Photograph 69.48.350
David S. Hopkins and Highland Castle
Some cottages had more unusual designs, most notably Highland Castle. This 1897 cottage was designed by David S. Hopkins, noted Grand Rapids architect. He was responsible for designing the Hackley and Hume Houses in Muskegon and published house and cottage plans used throughout the United States and Canada. Most of his buildings were designed in the Queen Anne style, with elaborate gingerbread trim. For Highland Castle, however, he took inspiration from medieval European castles. Hopkins added features like turrets and crenels to the roofline. The cottage was even located at a high point in the resort, like historical castles that used hilltops to see approaching enemies. The overall effect of the cottage impressed resorters and residents enough to earn a vivid description in the Grand Rapids Herald:
D.S. Hopkins, the architect of Grand Rapids, has built the finest cottage located within the park and finished it in quarter-sawed sycamore, built two fine grates and mantels (the latter are made of pressed brick), has cathedral glass, towers, battlements and is in the shape of a castle, from the tower of which he can see the harbor at Muskegon.
Highland Castle, Highland Park
Unknown Date
Photograph
84.69.2
Lakeside Tourist Shops
Highland Park, and other resorts in the Tri-Cities, gave a boost to the local economy and cemented the role of tourism in the area. Local businesses quickly adapted and catered to the needs of the growing tourism industry.
The Highland Park Pavilion, known first as Captain Jack’s, was built by Captain Jack Walker in the late 1880s as a bathhouse for visitors swimming in the lake. Over the years, Walker expanded his services to include ice cream sales and bathing suit rentals. Established businesses adapted to appeal to the needs of summer resorters. Local grocer Gerrit Ekkens, built a second store closer to Highland Park on Lake Avenue and offered delivery service for Highland Park cottages.
1911 Photograph 90.25.2
Porcelain C. 1910 On loan courtesy of Duane Leet Vacation souvenirs at the turn of the century were not limited to postcards and silver spoons. Miniature ceramics, like this urn and vase, were also offered by local businesses to commemorate an enjoyable experience.
Unknown Date Postcard 73.6.28
1911 Photograph 90.25.2
Businesses also added new merchandise to their stores: souvenirs. These souvenirs allowed tourists to take home a reminder of their vacation and spread the word about Highland Park to anyone who saw them. Agnes MacFie, the owner of Beausite Cottage, created souvenir cyanotypes (blue and white photographs) of Highland Park for Lane’s Photography. Captain Walker also sold some souvenir photographs at his bathhouse. G. A. Bottje’s store sold souvenir spoons, which had only just become popular in the United States in the early 1890s.
c. 1900s Cyanotype Photograph 88I.284.1
Unknown Date Cyanotype Photograph 76.10.464
Unknown Date Cyanotype Photograph 73.37.15
c. 1900s Cyanotype Photograph 88I.284.1
What's a Cyanotype?
Blue photographs like this are called cyanotypes. Cyanotypes were invented in 1842 and used photo-sensitive paper combined with light exposure to create a copy of an image, either through direct exposure or by projecting the image onto the surface using a camera.
Did you know: One form of cyanotype that remained popular well into the 1900s was one you have probably heard of before: the blueprint. Blueprints were preferred for making copies of architectural or engineering schematics because of their speed, precision, and low cost.
Riding the Dummy Line
Getting to Highland Park was a difficult task in the late 19th century. Visitors needed to travel from downtown Grand Haven on a mile of unpaved and sandy roads, to the resort.
Horse-drawn buses were the earliest option for resorters. These were large carriages drawn by two or more horses (see photo below). Their route took visitors from the Detroit, Grand Haven, and Milwaukee Railway’s Grand Depot to the Highland Park Station at the Pavilion.
A streetcar called the “Dummy line” was added in 1895. The Dummy line offered service from downtown Grand Haven to Highland Park on the bus route and added a loop at the southern end of the resort. It was powered by a steam charge at the station downtown and ran on tracks.
In 1903, an electric streetcar called the “Interurban” began running in downtown Grand Haven with a transfer to the Dummy line. Eventually the Dummy line was converted to electric streetcars and stopped running in 1928.
Today, visitors can ride the Harbor Transit Beach Express bus to the City Beach for $1, continuing the tradition of low-cost travel for tourists in the Tri-Cities.
1922 Photograph 76.10.451
1933 Photograph 96.1.1
c. 1920s Photograph 2014.19.383
1922 Photograph 76.10.451
Building Community
Word of Highland Park soon spread beyond the Tri-Cities, reaching as far as Chicago and St. Louis. In the 1890s, groups traveling from the same city purchased lots in clusters. Several cottages in the Beechwood section were collectively called “Coopersville” after the number of cottage owners from that city. Cottagers and hotel guests built a sense of community by planning social events like marshmallow roasts, talent shows, and dances.
Some resorters and cottage owners became unofficial residents of the Tri-Cities because of their extended visits every summer. One such resorter was “Aunt” Abigail Saunders, the widowed sister-in-law of Dr. William G. Saunders and Sarah Benedict Rhines Saunders, of Loch Hame and The Station cottages. Abigail Saunders had visited the resort every year since it opened and became a fixture at Highland Park because of her cheerful personality.
One of the most beloved members of the Highland Park community was a local dog named Jake. In the early days of the resort Jake was known to ride the streetcar to the beach.
The shared experiences and friendships helped forge a new community in Highland Park between Tri-Cities locals and long-term resorters.